Aging is caused by a combination of NAD+ decline, oxidative stress, telomere shortening, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation, all of which contribute to decreased cellular function and increased damage over time.
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme essential for energy production, DNA repair, and cellular health. Its levels decline with age, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased cell repair capacity.
Oxidative stress occurs when free radicals damage DNA, proteins, and cell membranes. Over time, this accelerates aging and increases the risk of age-related diseases.
Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. They shorten with each cell division, and when they become too short, the cell stops dividing, leading to aging and cellular dysfunction.
